Cultural Atlas of Russia and the Soviet Union
Robin Milner-Gulland with Nikolai Dejevsky
46 maps; 295 illustrations, 214 in color
The publication of this important book is a timely reminder that now, more than at any time since the Revolution, Russian culture has captured the interest of the rest of the world. Leaving aside its sheer size, population and status as a superpower, the Soviet Union is once again emerging as a civilized and civilizing force in international affairs, thanks largely to the policies of perestroika and glasnost being so energetically pursued by its current leadership.
The Russian Orthodox Church is currently celebrating its millennium, a millennium that coincides approximately with the documented history of Russia itself. That 1000-year history—both political and cultural—is the principal subject-matter of this volume. After due acknowledgment of the Hellenistic, Slav, Viking and Byzantine backgrounds, the historical account opens with the conversion of Rus to Christianity in the 10th century and with the early centers of civilization at Kiev, Novgorod and Vladimir. Two centuries of Tatar rule divide the fall of Kievan Russia from the rise of Muscovy, but the medieval period of Russian history does not fully end until after the accession of Peter the Great in 1682. Peter's reforms and extrovert policies, precursors of late 20th-century developments, suddenly projected Russia on to the center stage of world politics—a position which for better or worse it has never relinquished.
An opening section of the atlas provides the geographical and ethnographic context for the cultural history that follows. The book ends with a spectacular portrait in maps, text and pictures of each republic within the Soviet Union today.
Throughout the book specially drawn maps present a concise but graphic description of the historical development of Russian culture and society. A lively and authoritative text is complemented by high-quality photography, much of it never before published in the West. Special feature spreads are devoted to such topics as the Great Age of Russian Painting, Peasant Life before the Revolution, the Art of Propaganda and Religion m the Soviet Union.
Unfamiliar terms are explained in a Glossary and the reference value of the book is enhanced by the inclusion of a Chronological Table, a table of the juiers of Russia, a Bibliography, Gazetteer
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CONTENTS
Chronological Table
The Rulers of Russia and the Soviet Union
Preface
Part One: The Geographical Background
The Land and the People
Part Two: The Historical Period
Rus
Muscovy
The Last Century of Old Russia
Peter the Great
The Empire after Peter
The Flowering of Imperial Russia
The Last Four Emperors
Revolution and the Building of the Communist State
Stalin and Afterwards
Part Three: Regions and Republics of the Soviet Union
Belorussia, Moldavia and the Ukraine
The Baltic Republics
Transcaucasia
RSFSR
Central Asia
Bibliography
Glossary
List of Illustrations
Gazetteer
Index
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Special Features
30 Scythian Gold 12
32 The Peoples of the Steppe 22
48 St Sophia, Kiev 22
62 Ivan the Terrible 23
68 Zagorsk: The Trinity Monastery of 26
St Sergius 28
70 Novgorod the Great 35
72 The Great Age of Russian Art
86 Wooden Buildings of Northern Russia 36
98 The Russian Baroque 38
116 1812
118 Decembrists, Anarchists and Terrorists 41
122 Pushkin and Gogol 45
130 Tolstoy the Revolutionary 50
138 Peasant Life before the Revolution
140 1905 55
144 Chekhov and the Moscow Art Theater
158 Communism 56
162 Diaghilev and Stravinsky
164 Two Paths to Modern Art: Malevich and 58
Tatlin
166 Religion in the Soviet Union 60
170 The Art of Propaganda 67
210 Moscow 74
214 Leningrad
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List of Maps
The Soviet Union physical
Vegetation of the Soviet Union
Climate of the Soviet Union
Soils of the Soviet Union
Languages of the Soviet Union
The Slavonic language family
Eastern Europe and the Byzantine world in the 10th century
Russia and the Vikings
Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean in the mid-11th century
Kievan Russia
Russia on the eve of the Tatar conquest Russia and the Asiatic world, 13th-14th centuries
The monastic and missionary movements, 14th-15th centuries
Moscow and the "gathering-in” of the Russian lands
West Russia: the growth of Poland and Lithuania
Novgorod: lands and trade connections Russia at the Time of Troubles, c. 1600 The expansion of Muscovy in the 16th and 17th centuries
Russian in the reign of Tsar Aleksey
Peter I's Great Embassy and Northern War
Expansion of the Russian empire in the 18th century
The Razin rebellion
The Pugachov rebellion
The social composition of Russia in the late 18th century
The Napoleonic wars
The Crimean War
The Eastern Question
The Russian empire at its greatest extent, mid-19th century
Europe: alliances and frontiers in 1914 World War I
The revolutions and civil war
Consolidation of the Soviet Union
Industrialization, urbanization and collectivization
World War II
The Soviet bloc, c. 1950
Key to the regional maps
Belorussia, Moldavia and the Ukraine
The Baltic republics
Transcaucasia
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist
Republic
The Moscow region
Central Asia
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Abbreviations t - top. tl ■ top left, tr ■ top right, c ■ center, b ■ bottom etc.
1576: Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Photo: Michael Holford, London.
621. The obverse of the state seal of Ivan IV: The Central State Archives of Ancient Statements, Novosti, London. 62tr. The building of the palace of the oprichniki, from the Chronicle of Nikon, 16th century: National Historical Museum, Moscow. Novosti, Moscow.
62bc. Dinner for the oprichniki in the monastery of Alexandrov from a contemporary drawing: Novosti, Moscow.
63t. Banner of Ivan IV at the siege of Kazan: Novosti, Moscow.
63d. Icon portrait of Ivan IV: National Museum, Copenhagen. Photo: Lennart Larsen.
63cr. Garment worn by one of the oprichnina: Novosti, Moscow.
63br. The taking of Kazan by Ivan IV, 16th-century manuscript: Roger-Viollet, Paris.
64. Renaissance-style portal, Moscow Kremlin. Photo: Nikolai Rachmanov (Desertina Verlag, Switzerland).
65. North doorway. Cathedral of the Archangel Michael, Moscow Kremlin: Linda Proud, Oxford.
66. Boris Godunov: Novosti, London.
68bl. Iconostasis of the Trinity Cathedral, Zagorsk:
Vadim Gippenreiter.
68br. Zagorsk churches: Vadim Gippenreiter. 68-691. View of Zagorsk: Vadim Gippenreiter. 69cr. Zagorsk well-chapel: Vadim Gippenreiter.
69b. Interior of the Dormition Cathedral, Zagorsk :
Magnum, London.
70-71. Artwork by Dick Barnard and John Fuller.
72bl. School of Theophanes the Greek, Virgin of the Don, icon, 86 x 67-5 cm, late 14th century: Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow (Photo: Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad).
72tr. Andrey Rublyov, icon of Christ, 158 x 103*5 cm. c. 1409: Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow (Photo: Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad).
72br. Andrey Rublyov, Old Testament Trinity, icon, 141-8 x 112-7 cm, 1411: Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow (Photo: Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad).
72-73c. Detail of Last Judgment fresco from Vladimir Vadim Gippenreiter.
73. School of Dionisiy, In Thee rejoiceth all creation, icon, 148 5 x 110cm, early 16th century: Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow (Photo: Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad).
76. The reception of foreign ambassadors by Tsar Aleksey, from Olearius's Journey to Muscovy, 1660. British Library.
77. Portrait of Tsar Aleksey Mikhaylovich: Collection Countess Bobrinsky (Photo: Michael Holford) 78. An Old Believer, from W. Dixon, La Russia, Libera. British Library, 80. Tsar Fyodor III John Massey Stewart, London Bit. Gold coin of Sophia: Michael Holford.
81c. Gold coin of Ivan V and Peter I: Michael Holford.
82-83. The Patriarch Nikon: Novosti, London.
84 85. Rostov Kremlin: Vadim Gippenreiter.
86 87. All photographs by Vadim Gippenreiter Artwork by John Brennan.
88. Godfrey Kneller, Peter the Great: By courtesy of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. The Royal Collection, London.
89. St Petersburg, 18th century: Michael Holford
92t. Peter cutting the beard of a boyar, woodcut. 17th century: Hulton Picture Company, London.
92r. Artwork by John Fuller.
93. Mass execution of the streiuy, from J. C. Korb, Diariwn Itineris Moscoviam: British Library.
95. Peter the Great with Louis XV at Versailles: Giraudon, Paris.
96-97. Peter the Great's fleet at Archangel, from J. C.
Korb, Dtanum Itineris Moscoviam: British Library.
97c. Russia's first newspaper, Vedomosti: Library of Congress, Washington.
98t. Intercession Cnurch at Fili, Moscow: Photo. Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad.
98b. Great Palace at Pushkin: Frank Spooner Pictures, London.
98-99t. Novodevichy Convent, Moscow: Photo: Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad.
99b. Kikin Palace, Leningrad: Valentin Baranovsky.
Leningrad.
Equinox ack nowledge the assistance of Malcolm Day. London. Nichlas Harris. Oxford. Andras Bereznay.
London, and Zoe Goodwin, London, in preparing map Maps were drafted by Euromap. Pangbourne. Alan Mais.
Hornchurch, and Lovell Johns. Oxford.
Endpapers: 16th-century map of Russia from S. von Herberstein, Trutv/s in Muscovy.
PW
2-6. Country sports in 19th-century Russia from J. Richter and C. G. H. Geissler. Jewr rt divertissements du peuple russc (Bodleian Library. Oxford) 8-9. Artwork by John Fuller. CambrioK.
lOtl. Vassily III. from S. von Herberstem. Travels in Muscovy.
lOtr. Ivan IV: Michael Holford. London
lOcr. Peter the Great: Michael Holford. London.
I Ob Catherine the Great, painting by Erichsen. Bulloz. Paris
1 Itl. Alexander I: Fotomas Index, London.
11 tr Nicholas П: Jean-Loup Charmet. Paris 11Ы. Stalin: David King Collection. London.
11 br. Khrushchev: Frank Spooner Pictures. London
15. From Costumes of the Russian Empire, 1863 (British Library. London).
17t. Tundra in summer: Vadim M. Krohin. Moscow.
18-19. Reindeer in taiga forest: Fred Mayer/Magnum 20-2It. Winter trees: Vadim Gippenreiter, Moscow.
21b. Geese in deciduous forest: Vladimir Ryabkov. Moscow.
24. Kara Kum Desert: Vadim Gippenreiter.
25. Lake Imandra: Vadim Gippenreiter.
30t Scythian ritual vessel. Museum of Ancient Ornaments. Kiev (Photo: Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad).
30c Comb, reverse side: Hermitage Museum. Leningrad (Photo. Aurora Art Publishers. Leningrad)
30b. Shield plaque, stag: Hermitage Museum, Leningrad (Photo: Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad).
30-31. Pectoral: Museum of Ancient Ornaments. Kiev
(Photo: Aurora Art Publishers. Leningrad).
31tr. Badge of fraternity: Hermitage Museum. Leningrad (Photo: Aurora Art Publishers. Leningrad).
32 Artwork by John Fuller and John Brennan.
33. St Boris and St Gleb. icon, school of Moscow, 13th century: Russian Museum. Leningrad (Photo: Aurora Art Publishers. Leningrad).
34. Greek coin found in Kerch: Novosti, London.
39. Novgorod birch-bark document: Novosti. London.
40. A Byzantine philosopher talks with Prince Vladimir, from the Radziwill Chronicle. 15th century: Novosti/Frank Spooner Pictures.
43. Gold coin of Vladimir I. c. 980-1015: Novosti. London.
44. The defense of Novgorod against the troops of Suzdal, icon, 171 x 125-8 cm. school of Novgorod, 15th century: Museum of Art History, Novgorod (Photo Aurora Art Pubishers. Leningrad).
46. Our Lady of Vladimir, icon, 113-6 x 68 cm, 12th century, Byzantine: Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow (Photo: Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad).
47. St Demetrius Cathedral, Vladimir: Vadim Gippenreiter.
481. Plans by John Brennan, Oxford.
48 49. Artwork by Dick Barnard, Milverton, Somerset.
49 . Mosaics from St Sophia, Kiev: Phaidon Archive, Oxford.
51cl. Prince Yaroslav, fresco from Nereditsa Hill church, Novgorod: Phaidon Archive.
51tr. Genghis Khan enthroned with his son: Sonia Halliday and Laura Lushington, Weston Turville.
52. Alexander Nevsky: Novosti, Moscow.
53. Mount Athos, Russian monastery: Dr Graham Speake, Little Compton, Glos.
54. Dmitriy Donskoy: Novosti, Moscow.
57. Plan of 16th-century Moscow: Equinox Archive, Oxford.
59 Russian envoys followed by merchants at the court of Maximilian 11. Woodcut print by Michael Peterle,
100. "The Mice Bury the Cat", woodcut, J6th century: Michael Holford.
101. Catherine I: Novosti, London.
102. Ivan VI's place of imprisonment. Sc Mussel berg. Staatsbibliothek/Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin.
103. Empress Elizabeth, by Pietro Rotan Collection Countess Bobrin sky/Michael Holford.
107. Peter III, Catherine II and Paul, by R. M. Lisiewska: Gripsholm Castle, Mariefred, Sweden.
110. Allegorical portrayal of Catherine the Great: Bibliotheque Nationale/Fran^ois Foliot, Paris.
112. Bust of Lomonosov by F I. Shubin: John Massey Stewart, London.
113. Senate Square in St Petersburg: Fotomas Index, London.
114. Emperor Paul: Michael Holford.
116b. Kutuzov: Roger-Viollet, Paris.
116-17b. The retreat from Moscow by E. Meissonnier Orsay Gallery, Paris. Photo Giraudon’
117tl. Wounded French soldiers by Gericault: Museedes Beaux Arts, Rouen. Photo Giraudon.
117tr. Alexander I at Tilsit by Serangeli: Versailles, Photo Giraudon.
118cl. Mikhail Bakunin: Hulton Picture Company, London.
118c. Vera Zasulich: David King, London.
118b. Assassination of Alexander II: Fotomas Index.
118br. Women terrorists exiled to Siberia: David King.
118-19. Execution of the Decembrists: J. L. Charmet, Paris.
119c. Sofya Perovskaya: David King.
121 . Nicholas I and troops: J. L. Charmet.
122t. Pushkin. Novosti, London.
122 bl. Bilibin illustration of a Pushkin tale. Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad.
122cr. A sketch by Pushkin illustrating a story in Taks of Belkin: State Literary Museum, Moscow.
122-23t. Scene at Mikhaylovskoye: Novosti, London.
123cr. Self-caricature by Pushkin: Novosti, London.
123b. Gogol: Novosti. London.
124. Crimean propaganda poster: National Army Museum, London.
126. Treaty of San Stefano: J. L. Charmet.
128. Alexander II and family. John Massey Stewart.
1 30c. Portrait of young Tolstoy Novosti, London.
130br. Portrait of Tolstoy by I. Repin: Novosti, London. |
13O-31t. Tolstoy plowing, a painting by I. Repin: Novosti, I л) nd on
131b. Tolstoy organizing famine relief: Novosti, London. 1
132. Funeral procession of Alexander II: Hulton Picture Company. London.
134-35. The Rooks have Returned by A. Savrasov: Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow (Photo Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad).
135. Russian market before the Revolution Novosti, London.
136. Shalyapin being painted by Repin: Novosti, London.
I37t. Sketch for Composition /V, Battle by Kandinsky: i Phaidon Archive. Oxford.
137b. Prokofiev, Shostakovich and Khachaturyan Novosti. London.
138 39. All photographs by courtesy of Andrey Ivanovich and Alexander Meledin, Moscow 140tr. Assassination of Grand Duke Sergey: J. L Charmet.
140b. Barricades. David King.
14ltl. Cover from Le Petit Parisien: J. L. Charmet.
I4ltr. Nikolai Bukhann David King
I4lcr The battleship Potemkin tUvid King
141 bl. Trotsky: David King.
141 br. Stolypin's room after assassination attempt: fiavid King.
I42t. S. A. Witte: J. L Charmet.
142-43b. Bolshevik revolutionary poster. 1905 Aurora I Art Publishers. Leningrad.
I44bl Chekhov and Gorky. 1900. Novosti. London.
144c. Gull emblem of Moscow Art Theater Novosti ] London.
144t Su ipt for Sumslavsky's product**! of The Seagnll. j with stage directions: Novosti. London.
145t. Scene from A. K. Tolstoy's Tsar Fyodor hunoinch.1 1898: Novosti. London.